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U.S. Occupation of Haiti
Introduction to the U.S. Occupation of Haiti
Key Figures
Life under U.S. Occupation
A New Treaty and a New Constitution
Military Control
Cacos and Conscription
Racism and Americanization
General Russell and Withdrawal
U.S. Imperialism and "The White Man's Burden"
Occupation Motives
Responses to the Occupation
The NAACP and The Nation Investigate
Haitian Responses
Effects of the Occupation
Links to Historical Sources Online
Bibliography of Written Sources
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WWPL Haiti Items
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WWPL Haiti Items
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EPW000773
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U.S. Imperialism Map
Map of the major points of U.S. imperialism from the end of the Spanish-American War in 1898 to Roosevelt's "Good Neighbor" policy in 1934
U.S. Marines in Haiti, 1920s
Archival footage of Marines in Haiti
Yesterday's Newsreel: Marines in Haiti 1915-1920
Newsreel footage of Marines in Haiti
Brigadier General John H. Russell
Photo of Brigadier General John H. Russell, who was appointed as High Commissioner to Haiti in 1922
Portrait of John H. Russell
Portrait of High Commissioner John H. Russell
Portrait of Sténio Vincent
Portrait of the Haitian president Sténio Vincent
Service Technique
Students at work in the shop of the Industrial Technique's industrial school at Jacmel
The Missionary cartoon
A cartoon by Private Paul Woyshner which appeared in the Marines Magazine
Haitian Elite
Photograph of the lifestyle of the Haitian elite
Excerpt of Stenio Vincent tesitmony
Excerpt of the testimony of Stenio Vincent, representing the Union Patriotique d'Haiti, in front of the Senate Hearing Committee
Newspaper clipping on the Senate Hearings of 1922
Newspaper clipping of an article by Martha Herron Foley in the newspaper "Issues of To-Day" describing the Senate Hearings of 1922
Excerpt of 1922 Senate Hearings on Haiti and Santo Domingo
Confidential order issued to the Marines in Haiti by the Brigade Commander in October 1919 ordering the end of "open season" on the Haitians
The White Man's Burden
Original publication of Rudyard Kipling's poem "The White Man's Burden" in McClure's Magazine
Pollution in Haiti
Photograph of a waterway littered with plastic and trash in Haiti
Road in Grand'Anse
Photograph of a road in Grand'Anse, Haiti
Earthquake Ruins
Photograph of a poorer neighborhood in ruins in Port-au-Prince following the 2010 earthquake
Camp in Port-au-Prince
Photograph of Haitians receiving aid from the Brazilian Army in after the 2010 earthquake
Portrait of Smedley Butler
Portrait of commanding officer of the Haitian gendarmerie Smedley Butler
Portrait of William B. Caperton
Portrait of Navy Admiral William B. Caperton
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Photograph of Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt
Portrait of Josephus Daniels
Portrait of Secretary of the Navy Bainbridge Colby
Portrait of Bainbridge Colby
Portrait of Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby
Bryan and Wilson, Trenton, N.J.
Photograph of Woodrow Wilson and William Jennings Bryan
Portrait of Robert Lansing
Portrait of Secretary of State Robert Lansing
Portrait of Jean Vilbrun Guillaume Sam
Portrait of President Jean Vilbrun Guillaume Sam
Portrait of Rosalvo Bobo
Portrait of caco leader Rosalvo Bobo
Portrait of Woodrow Wilson
Print of a portrait of Woodrow Wilson
Arthur Bailly-Blanchard
Photograph of the U.S. ambassador to Haiti Arthur Bailly-Blanchard
Reasons for invading Haiti
Excerpt of the U.S. Marine Corps Monograph of Haiti, provides intentions behind invading Haiti
Air Photograph of Port-au-Prince
Aviation photograph of Port-au-Prince
Air photograph of Port-au-Prince
Aviation photograph of Port-au-Prince
Air shot of Port-au-Prince
Aviation photograph of Port-au-Prince
Personnel of Garde d'Haiti
Photograph of the captain, first lieutenant, band leader, and second lieutenant of the Garde d'Haiti
First Lieutenant of Garde d'Haiti
Photograph of the first lieutenant of the Garde d'Haiti
Second Lieutenant of Garde d'Haiti
Photograph of the second lieutenant of the Garde d'Haiti
Palace Band Leader of Garde d'Haiti
Photograph of the palace band leader of the Garde d'Haiti in dress uniform
Sergeant Major of Garde d'Haiti
Photograph of the sergeant major of the Garde d'Haiti
Captain of Garde d'Haiti
Photograph of the captain of the Garde d'Haiti
Photograph of Port-au-Prince
Aviation photograph of Port-au-Prince by the U.S. Marins
Map of Haiti
Map of Haiti included in the Monograph of Haiti
Red Cross Dispensary
Photograph of a Red Cross dispensary in Haiti
James Weldon Johnson
Half-length portrait of James Weldon Johnson, field secretary for the NAACP
Louis Borno
Portrait of Haitian president Louis Borno
Red Cross poster
Red Cross poster in French reading, "La Croix Rouge, la mère de toutes les nations, Symboles de de la liberté et de l'humanité", "The Red Cross, mother of all nations, symbols of liberty and humanity [translated]"
Haitian Gendarmerie
Photograph of the Haitian Gendarmerie
Marine base at Cap Haïtien
Postcard of the Marine base in Cap-Haïtien in Haiti
Body of Charlemagne Péralte
Photograph of the body of caco leader Charlemagne Péralte after he was killed by Marines, who nailed his body to a door as a warning to other rebels
Haitian caco
Photograph of a caco that killed a Marine
Haitian school
Photograph of schoolchildren in Port-au-Prince
Street in Port-au-Prince
Photograph of a street in Port-au-Prince, Haiti
Haitian Navy
Photograph of the entire Haitian Navy
Market day
Photograph of the Central Square and Cathedral of Port-au-Prince on market day
Market woman
Photograph of a woman with a "general store" in the Haitian market
Marine patrol
Photograph of Marines on patrol in Haiti
Captain Hanneken and "General Jean" Couze
Photograph of captain of the Haitian Gendarmerie Herman H. Hanneken and "General Jean" Couze at Christophe's Citadel
Sifting Coffee
Photograph of women sifting coffee in the street
Sugar mill
Photograph of a primitive Haitian sugar mill
Haitian Gendarme
Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave
Portrait of Haitian president Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave
U.S. Marine with dead Haitian rebels
U.S. Marine poses with dead Haitian rebels
American Marines with motorcycles
Marines posing on motorcycles in Haiti
American Marines defending Cap-Haitien
Photograph depicting U.S. Marines defending the entrance of Cap-Haitien against rebels, as seen on the front page of the East Oregonian newspaper.
Edith Bolling Wilson to Woodrow Wilson
Autograph Notebook of Delegates to the Paris Peace Conference
George E. Foster notebook containing the autographs of the delegates to the Paris Peace Conference.
Drafting Aliens in the United States
Memorandum for the Secretary of State on the application of the draft act to alien residents.
William G. McAdoo to Cary T. Grayson
William G. McAdoo writes to Cary T. Grayson asking him to talk to the President about putting the financial affairs of Haiti in McAdoo's hands.
Notes on Heritage of John James Audubon
A report speculating that John James Audubon may have been the orphaned son of French royals Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette.
Colonel House to Robert Lansing
French procedures for previous peace conferences.
William Jennings Bryan to Woodrow Wilson
Woodrow Wilson to William Jennings Bryan
Woodrow Wilson to William Jennings Bryan
Woodrow Wilson tells William Jennings Bryan of the current vacancies for foreign service.
William Jennings Bryan to Woodrow Wilson
William Jennings Bryan sends Woodrow Wilson a memorandum of suggestions for providing aid to Latin American Countries.
Booker T. Washington to Oswald Garrison Villard
Booker T. Washington writes to Oswald Garrison Villard about the recent acts of segregation in the federal government.
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